NOTES
1. Total War: German Society
1914-1918, translated by Barbara Weinberger (Leamington Spa, 1984). Less
pessimistic on the issue of national solidarity and more impressionistic
Jean-Jacques Becker, The Great War and the French People, tr. by
Arnold Pomerans (Leamington Spa, 1985).
2. Among countless treatments,
let me single out the one that I recommend to my students: James Joll,
The
Origins of the First World War (London,1984).
3. Ivo Lederer, Yugoslavia
at the Paris Peace Conference (New Haven, 1963); Victor Mamatey, The
U.S. and East Central Europe, 1914-1919 (Princeton, 1957); René
Albrecht-Carrié,
Italy at the Paris Peace Conference (New
York, 1938), repr. 1966) and two recent English studies: Simon M. Jones,
Domestic
Factors in Italian Intervention in the First World War (New York, 1986),
and William A. Renzi, In the Shadow of the Sword: Italy's Neutrality
and Entrance into the Great War, 1914-1915 (New York, 1987).
4. A reading list on propaganda
should include: Peter Buitenhuis, The Great War of Words (Vancouver,
1987); Michael Sanders, British Propaganda during the First World War
(London, 1982); and Hans Weigel, Jeder Schuss ein Russ, jeder Stoss
ein Fanzos: literarische und graphische Kriegspropaganda in Deutschland
und Österreich, 1914-1918 (Vienna, 1983).
5. John W. Wheeler-Bennett,
The Forgotten Peace, Brest-Litovsk, March 1918 (New York, 1939),
to which might be added Wolfdieter Bihl, Österreich-Ungarn und
die Friedensschlüsse von Brest-Litovsk (Vienna, 1970), and Winfried
Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918 (Munich and Vienna, 1966). The
German documents on Brest-Litovsk were not published until 1970 in Werner
Hahlweg (ed.), Der Friede von Brest-Litovsk (Quellen zur Geschichte
des Parlamentarismus und der politischen Parteien, Series 1, vol. 8) (Düsseldorf,
1971).
6. International Relations
in Europe, 1918-1933 (New York, 1976), p. 4.
7. The most valuable published
part of the record remains Paul Mantoux (ed.), Les deliberations du
Conseil des Quatre (24 mars-28 juin 1919), 2 vols. (Paris, 1955), part
of which has been translated by John Boardman Whitten, Paris Peace Conference,
1919: Proceedings of the Council of Four, March 24-April 18, 1919 (Publication
de l'Institut universitaire des hautes études internationales, No.43)
(Geneva, 1964).
8. Even Robert 0. Paxton's
excellent text on Europe in the Twentieth Century (New York, 1975),
concludes on p. 173 that "The terms finally produced by the Peace Conference
are known collectively as the Versailles Treaties."
9. The most extensive and
handy collection of such views can be round in Heinrich Schnee (cd.), Zehn
Jahre Versailles, 2 vols., (Berlin, 1929-30).
10. There was agitation
in 1919 for a revision of the Swiss-German border near Schaffhausen, but
the Swiss government finally declined to support local agitation promoting
such a step. See e.g. Max Bolli, "Die Enklave Büsingen," Geographica
Helvetica, 9 (1954), 253; Wandschuh (German Consul in Schaffhausen)
to German Legation in Berne, January 28, 1919, in German Foreign Office
Archives (Microfilm) T-149, Baden, 36/16, Reel 50, Frames 645-57.
11. The standard work,
not only in English, is Dan P. Silverman, Reluctant Union: Alsace-Lorraine
and Imperial German, 1871-1919 (University Park, PA., 1972), but note
also the recent Hermann Hiery, Reichstagswahlen im Reichsland (Dusseldorf,
1986), which insists that Alsace-Lorrainers had become more thoroughly
reconciled to citizenship in the empire than has generally been estimated.
On French-speaking Lorraine see the exhaustive Francois Roth, La Lorraine
annexée (Nancy, 1976).
12. Francois G. Dreyfus,
La vie politique en Alsace, 1919-1936 (Paris, 1969); Pierre Maugué,
Le particularisme Alsacien, 1918-1967 (Paris, 1970), and Lothar
Kettenacker,
Nationalsozialistische Volkstumspolitik im Elsass (Stuttgart,
1973).
13. Lawrence D. Steefel
remains the authority on The Schleswig-Holstein Question (Harvard
Historical Studies, vol. 32) (Cambridge, Mass., 1932). On the plebiscite
in North Schleswig, we now have Terry Hunt Tooley's "Fighting without Arms:
The Defense of German Interests in Schleswig, East and West Prussia and
Upper Silesia." Unpub. Ph.D. diss. University of Virginia, 1986, 314-408.
On the origins of the Danish border problem, see also Kurt Jurgensen, "Die
Eingliederung der Herzogtümer Schleswig-Holstein und Lauenburg ins
preussische Königreich," in Peter Baumgart (ed.), Expansion und
Integration (Neue Forschungen zur brandenburgischen und preussischen
Geschichte, vol. 5) (Cologne, 1984), 340.
14. Titus Komarnicki,
Rebirth of the Polish Republic, a Study in the Diplomatic History of
Europe, 1914-1920 (London, 1957); Kay Lundgreen-Nielsen, The Polish
Problem at the Paris Peace Conference (Odense, University Studies in
History and Social Sciences, vol. 59) (Odense, 1979), especially pp. 32-91,
385-400 and 409. Lundgreen used French archives which were still closed
at the rime Komarnicki published his study.
15. Wilhelm Sollmann,
"Die Beschränkung der Machtbefugnis," Zehn Jahre Versailles,
II, 3.
16. See, for instance,
the ethnic composition of the Memel district, ceded to Lithuania, and not
covered in this survey, as portrayed in Albrecht Plied, Das Memelland
1920-1939 (Würzburg, 1962), pp. 244-45.
17. Richard Blanke, "Upper
Silesia 1921--The Case for Subjective Nationality,"
Canadian Review
for Studies in Nationalism, 2 (1975), 160-241.
18. John Brown Mason,
The Danzig Dilemma (London, 1946) remains the standard English account
of the settlement, but see also Christopher M. Kimmich, The Free City:
Danzig and German Foreign Policy, 1919-1934 (New Haven, 1968), on German
exploitation of the dilemma.
19. Heinrich Schnee has
also had a hand in preparing Das Buch der deutschen Kolonien (Leipzig,
1937). Wolfe W. Schmokel, Dream of Empire: German Colonialism, 1919-1945
(New Haven, 1964), pp. 1-2, 14-15 first concluded that recovery of the
colonies stood low on the revisionist agenda. Andrew J. Crozier, Appeasement
and Germany's Last Bid for Colonies (New York, 1988), pp. 14-20 professes
to disagree, but his conclusions on this point do not differ much from
Schmokel's. The same may be said about Klaus Hildebrand, Vom Reich zum
Weltreich. Hitler, NSDAP und koloniale Frage 1919-1945 (Munich, 1969).
20. Revived in our time
on a less passionate Ievel by Sally Marks, "Reparations Reconsidered: A
Reminder," Central European History, 2 (1969), 356-65.
21. Germany's Aims
in the First World War tr. by James Joll (London, 1967).
22. Hermann Kantorowica,
Gutachten zur Kriegsschuldfrage 1914 ed. and intr. by Immanuel Geiss
(Frankfurt, 1967).
23. See the microfilm
copy of the Eisendecher papers in the National Archives, Reel 8, Frames
513-518.
24. Quoted by A. Lentin,
Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson and the Guilt of Germany (Baton Rouge,
1984), p. 84. Italics mine.
25. Quoted by Charles
L. Mee, Jr ., The End of Order, Versailles 1919 (New York, 1980),
p. 236.
26. See Klaus Epstein,
Matthias Erzberger and the Dilemma of German Democracy
(Princeton,
1959), pp. 388-89.
27. Eliot B. Wheaton,
The Nazi Revolution (1933-1935) (New York, 1969). pp. 221-297.
28. Gordon Wright, France
in Modern Times (Chicago, 1960), pp. 404-405.
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